Current Issue : April - June Volume : 2014 Issue Number : 2 Articles : 6 Articles
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial disease, and its aetiology involves a complex interplay between genetic,\r\nepigenetic, and environmental factors. In recent years, evidences from both human and animal experiments have correlated\r\nearly life factors with programming diabetes risk in adult life. Fetal and neonatal period is crucial for organ development. Many\r\nmaternal factors during pregnancy may increase the risk of diabetes of offsprings in later life, which include malnutrition, healthy\r\n(hyperglycemia and obesity), behavior (smoking, drinking, and junk food diet), hormone administration, and even stress. In\r\nneonates, catch-up growth, lactation, glucocorticoids administration, and stress have all been found to increase the risk of insulin\r\nresistance or T2DM.Unfavorable environments (socioeconomic situation and famine) or obesity also has long-termnegative effects\r\non children by causing increased susceptibility to T2DMin adults.We also address the potential mechanisms thatmay underlie the\r\ndevelopmental programming of T2DM. Therefore, it might be possible to prevent or delay the risk for T2DM by improving preand/\r\nor postnatal factors....
The lack of adequate physical activity and obesity created a worldwide pandemic. Obesity is characterized by the deposition of\r\nadipose tissue in various parts of the body; it is now evident that adipose tissue also acts as an endocrine organ capable of secreting\r\nmany cytokines that are though to be involved in the pathophysiology of obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome.\r\nAdipokines, or adipose tissue-derived proteins, play a pivotal role in this scenario. Increased secretion of proinflammatory\r\nadipokines leads to a chronic inflammatory state that is accompanied by insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Lifestyle change\r\nin terms of increased physical activity and exercise is the best nonpharmacological treatment for obesity since these can reduce\r\ninsulin resistance, counteract the inflammatory state, and improve the lipid profile. There is growing evidence that exercise exerts\r\nits beneficial effects partly through alterations in the adipokine profile; that is, exercise increases secretion of anti-inflammatory\r\nadipokines and reduces proinflammatory cytokines. In this paper we briefly describe the pathophysiologic role of four important\r\nadipokines (adiponectin, leptin, TNF-??, and IL-6) in the metabolic syndrome and review some of the clinical trials that monitored\r\nthese adipokines as a clinical outcome before and after exercise....
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and obesity have become increasingly prevalent in recent years. Recent studies have focused\r\non identifying causal variations or candidate genes for obesity and T2DM via analysis of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL)\r\nwithin a single tissue. T2DMand obesity are affected by comprehensive sets of genes in multiple tissues. In the current study, gene\r\nexpression levels in multiple human tissues from GEO datasets were analyzed, and 21 candidate genes displaying high percentages\r\nof differential expression were filtered out. Specifically, DENND1B, LYN, MRPL30, POC1B, PRKCB, RP4-655J12.3, HIBADH, and\r\nTMBIM4 were identified from the T2DM-control study, and BCAT1, BMP2K, CSRNP2, MYNN, NCKAP5L, SAP30BP, SLC35B4,\r\nSP1, BAP1, GRB14, HSP90AB1, ITGA5, and TOMM5 were identified fromthe obesity-control study.The majority of these genes are\r\nknown to be involved in T2DM and obesity.Therefore, analysis of gene expression in various tissues using GEO datasets may be\r\nan effective and feasible method to determine novel or causal genes associated with T2DM and obesity....
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are a novel class of small, noncoding RNA molecules that have gained the attention of many researchers in\r\nrecent years due to their ability to posttranscriptionally regulate the expression of families of genes simultaneously. Their role in\r\nnormal physiology and pathobiology is intriguing and their regulation in normal and disease states is fascinating.That the cells can\r\nreturn to a state of homeostasis when these small molecules are perturbed is truly remarkable given the multiple cellular targets of\r\neach miRNA and that many mRNAs are targeted by multiple miRNAs. Several reviews have covered aspects of miRNA function\r\nin biology and disease. Here, we review the role of miRNA in regulating the renin-angiotensin system, AGE/RAGE signalling, and\r\nunder conditions of oxidative stress in the context of diabetic nephropathy....
Management and treatment of diabetes is a serious juggling act in any patient and in the elderly persons, the complexities multiply. In this vulnerable phase of life, socioeconomic and psychological circumstances may complicate diagnosis, clinical characterization and treatment. Elderly diabetics often have medical, socioeconomic, or environmental and psychological factors that impact on their diabetes and health status. Diabetes and depression are highly prevalent conditions among elderly and have significant impact on their health outcomes. This study reviewed the literature on the prevalence of depression in the elderly diabetic populations, burden of illness, mechanism of depression and diabetes, physiological and psychological changes in this population. Literature on the relationship between diabetes and depression among elderly was collected and reviewed. A comprehensive search of the literature was performed using e- resources provided by Banasthali University, Rajasthan and also from printed journals available from university library. Diabetes and depression are crippling conditions that are associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. An increased prevalence of depression in elderly diabetes subjects relative to the general population is highly suggested by literature. Coordinated strategies for clinical care are essential to improve clinical outcomes and reduce the burden of illness. The pervasive impact of depression on quality of life and its potential negative impact on diabetes management warrant recognition and treatment of the affective disorder in diabetic elderly. Although numerous factors peculiar to old age may complicate the management and treatment of diabetes, but with careful planning these goals should be attainable....
Diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. The multipronged drug approach targeting blood\r\npressure and serum levels of glucose, insulin, and lipids fails to fully prevent the onset and progression of diabetic nephropathy.\r\nTherefore, a new therapeutic target to combat diabetic nephropathy is required. Autophagy is a catabolic process that degrades\r\ndamaged proteins and organelles in mammalian cells and plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis.Theaccumulation\r\nof proteins and organelles damaged by hyperglycemia and other diabetes-related metabolic changes is highly associated with the\r\ndevelopment of diabetic nephropathy. Recent studies have suggested that autophagy activity is altered in both podocytes and\r\nproximal tubular cells under diabetic conditions. Autophagy activity is regulated by both nutrient state and intracellular stresses.\r\nUnder diabetic conditions, an altered nutritional state due to nutrient excess may interfere with the autophagic response stimulated\r\nby intracellular stresses, leading to exacerbation of organelle dysfunction and diabetic nephropathy. In this review, we discuss new\r\nfindings showing the relationships between autophagy and diabetic nephropathy and suggest the therapeutic potential of autophagy\r\nin diabetic nephropathy....
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